Biology: The Whole Story

• Ecology - Chapter 10

  Learn the key concepts in ecology and what makes populations change over time, with Professor Lindsay Turnbull from the University of Oxford Ecology is the study of plants and animals in their environments but what kinds of questions do ecologists try to answer? We begin with a population - a group of organisms belonging to the same species that live in one place. Some populations are stable, while others boom and bust, and we find out why births and deaths are key to understanding stability. We then consider why there are so many species on Earth and in doing so discover the ecological niche that constrains organisms to a specific role. Finally, we take a quick look at humans, who have broken out of their niche and taken control of the planet. Erratum - Mammal biomass on Earth The figures given in the video are incorrect. The actual figures are: 34% humans, 62% livestock and 4% wild mammals. https://ourworldindata.org/wild-mammals-birds-biomass Timestamps: 00:00 Intro 00:20 Titles 00:29 Key ecological questions 01:18 The state of populations: births and deaths 02:58 The rabbit versus the albatross 04:32 Keystone species: the case of the sea otter 06:20 Competition: the ecological niche 08:23 Humans – the ultimate competitor? 11:26 Outro

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• Plants - Chapter 9

  Plants are awesome, with photosynthesis being the most disruptive invention ever! Join Professor Lindsay Turnbull from the University of Oxford to understand why Plants don't have faces, so we don't know what they're thinking, and can even (horror!) write them off as boring. In this video, we examine the evolutionary history of the land plants: from an ancestral alga to the diversity of modern flowering plants that cover our planet today. We will see how plants stole the technology for photosynthesis - undoubtedly the most disruptive invention of all time - and how their activities changed the biosphere forever. Finally, we explore the range of features that allow a large tree in full leaf to suck up a tonne of water every day. Image Credit: Many thanks to the Oxford Herbarium for providing the slides and microscope images of the Rhynie Cherts. Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration Graph: NOAA Global Monitoring Lab, https://www.climate.gov/media/15554 (10/11/23) Timestamps: 00:00 Intro 00:22 Titles 00:29 The Tragedy of Plants 01:13 What Makes a Plant a Plant 03:01 The Greatest Heist of All Time - Photosynthesis 04:13 The Rhynie Cherts - Early Land Plants 06:37 How Plants Regulate Our Climate 07:24 How We Have Broken Our Climate 08:45 Colour and Beauty - The Flowering Plants 09:59 Outro

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• Vertebrates - Chapter 8

  Take a guided tour of the biology and ancestry of the vertebrates with Professor Lindsay Turnbull from the University of Oxford Want to know more about the group of animals you belong to - the vertebrates - and how we are all descendants of a plucky fish that hauled itself onto land? In this video we discover the fishy ancestor of the vertebrates: a type of lobe-finned fish, which are extremely rare in today's oceans. We then explore biological scaling rules, which explain why small animals, like mice or hamsters, seem almost bionic when compared to a ponderous giant like an elephant. But vertebrates are all large animals, and their bodies must deliver oxygen and glucose to muscles buried deep within them. This has led to the evolution of some ingenious engineering solutions, like the vertebrate circulatory system. Timestamps: 00:00 Intro 00:19 Titles 00:24 Who are the Vertebrates? 02:01 Fishy Origins 03:31 How Fish made it onto Land 04:34 The Circulatory System - A Vertebrate Invention 06:20 How Animals Get Large 07:51 Why Animals Get Large 09:28 Why the Vertebrates Left the Seas 09:59 Outro

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• Animals - Chapter 7

  Take a whistle-stop tour of the Animal Kingdom with Professor Lindsay Turnbull from the University of Oxford Everyone can name a few animals - but did you know that most familiar animals only come from one group - and there's more than 30 to choose from?! In this video we discover the probable ancestor of the animals - a strange type of eukaryotic cell that fed on bacteria. But around 540 million years ago the animals experienced a burst of creativity, and a whole range of different animals sprang into being in the blink of a geological eye. We take a look at a few of the major groups - including arthropods, annelid worms and molluscs - which all play host to thousands of species. Image Credit: Cartwright et al (2007), Exceptionally Preserved Jellyfishes from the Middle Cambrian https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001121 Timestamps: 00:00 Intro 00:14 Titles 00:18 When the Animals Go Marching 02:01 What Makes an Animal an Animal? 04:17 The Jelly Animals 06:00 How Muscles Have Evolved 07:45 Lines of Symmetry 09:48 Chordates - How Our Ancestor Evolved 11:33 Outro

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• Eukarotyes - Chapter 6

  Explore the mysterious origins of the cells all multicellular organisms are made from - eukaryotic cells - with Professor Lindsay Turnbull from the University of Oxford Everyone sometimes thinks they're special, but have you ever learned the truth of how special the cells in your body are? In this video we discover the 'ancient ones', a group of cells called the archaea, and the special role they play in the evolution of eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cells are generally large and full of internal structures, called organelles, one of which, the famous mitochondria, isn't quite what it seems. Finally, we look how slime moulds can gang up when conditions are right, giving us a glimpse of how true multicellularity evolved. Links to material used in this video: Rogers et al. (2012) The Discovery of New Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Communities in the Southern Ocean and Implications for Biogeography https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001234 Imachi et al. (2020) Isolation of an archaeon at the prokaryote–eukaryote interface. Nature 577, 519–525 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-19... Image credit: Hiroyuki Imachi, Masaru K. Nobu,Nozomi Nakahara,Yuki Morono, Miyuki Ogawara, Yoshihiro Takaki, Yoshinori Takano, Katsuyuki Uematsu, Tetsuro Ikuta, Motoo Ito, Yohei Matsui, Masayuki Miyazaki, Kazuyoshi Murata, Yumi Saito, Sanae Sakai, Chihong Song, Eiji Tasumi, Yuko Yamanaka, Takashi Yamaguchi, Yoichi Kamagata, Hideyuki Tamaki, and Ken Takai This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en Timestamps: 00:00 Intro 00:17 Titles 00:22 Bacteria and Eukaryotes 01:44 The Ancient Ones 03:05 Inside Eukaryotes 06:02 The Mysteries of the Mitochondria 07:32 How Eukaryotes (probably) Evolved 09:33 Multicellularity in Eukaryotes 10:50 Outro

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